犀角的鉴定及欣赏
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">由于禁猎</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">犀角变得十分珍贵</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">而见过犀角的人又很少</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">从而使造假者大行其道</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">现发一鉴别方法以飨读者</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">: <BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 犀角是最珍贵的牙角材料。自古以来犀角不仅被作为辟邪稀罕的灵物而宝之,而且被认为具有解毒解热之药用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">比如《本草</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">犀》载:入药惟犀生者为佳</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。而明代开始兴起的利用犀角底部凹腔雕成的犀角杯是牙角类古玩中的顶级精品。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">一、犀角的鉴定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 犀角的鉴定不难,但由于犀角十分珍罕,一般人能上手的机会不多,所以不少收藏者和古玩商只好凭着猜测臆断。犀共分五类:非洲两类</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">黑犀、白犀;亚洲三类</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">撒马利亚、爪哇、印度。前三类有双角,后两类是单角。关于犀角的成分,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">20</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">世纪</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">50</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">年代有学者提出是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">固体状的凝集的头发</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。其后,这种看法被普遍接受。但最新研究表明:犀角不是凝结的头发,它没有头发的囊,它实际上是由纵向的角朊纤维所组成的固体集合体。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 以上五类犀角的共有鉴别特征是犀角表面有国外行内人士所称的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">发丝纹</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">或国内所称的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">竹丝纹</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 犀角的表面纹路和竹的纹路很象,故称为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">竹丝纹</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">;但犀角截面又有竹所没有的如同皮肤发囊般的肌理,其斜剖面摸上去有类似皮肤鸡皮疙瘩的感觉,故其纹亦可称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">发丝纹</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。这纹路难伪造,牛角的仿品和合成的都没有这个特征。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 牛角</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">最常见的犀角仿品之一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">和犀角的区别还体现在底截面和色泽。其有圈状的角朊层。这是牛角特点,犀角没有这样的圈状角朊层。此外,牛角和合成的往往有桔红的上色。犀角中有蜜色的,但无桔红色的。凡桔红色的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">犀角制品</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">必是伪品。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 虽然辨别犀角和牛角不难,但有些自明代以来即有的犀角高仿</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">犀角贴面的牛角制品</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">还需收藏者小心鉴别。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 搞清了犀角和其它质料的区别,接下去我们再来看非洲犀和亚洲犀的区别。以前行内有种说法:看纹路,纹细的是亚洲犀,纹粗的是非洲犀。这种说法笔者认为没有科学依据。非洲犀和亚洲犀的主要区别在:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">犀角底部的形状</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">椭圆的是亚洲犀,圆形的是非洲黑犀,近长方的是非洲白犀;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(2)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">犀角底部凹腔处旁边的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">裙边</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">裙边阔的是亚洲犀,裙边窄的是非洲犀。从犀角杯成品来看,先看杯口沿的形状,若是圆形的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">比如碗等</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">肯定是非洲黑犀,长方的多半是非洲白犀,椭圆的便可考虑亚洲犀的可能性。这是因为犀角极其珍贵,雕刻者一定是根据角的形状来考虑雕什么东西。就算是他接到一张订单定做什么式样,他一定是会去寻觅同这式样相符合的角,而不是拿一个形状不符的犀角去强加工,浪费大量材料。其次看柄。若柄顶部截面较长的而又不是后接的多半是亚洲犀,因为亚洲犀才有阔的裙边雕成阔长的柄。最后看腔。腔特深的非洲犀可能性大,因非洲犀尺寸大,底凹腔深。从年代上来看,虽然明代已有非洲犀进口,大部分明犀角制品还是亚洲犀。非洲犀制品要到乾隆时期才开始大量生产。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P><P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">二、犀角杯的种类</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">工艺和断代</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma"> 按造型,犀角杯可分为单柄或双柄,杯式,碗式,高足,三足,槎式,叶式,双联,水注,瓶壶等。按内容,犀角杯可分为素身,花卉动物,仿古青铜器题材,和人物故事风景四大类。从落款而言,目前所见的包括鲍天成或天成,柏和,伯弘,伯邓铭,伯雅,长至前,陈贤,敦复堂,方弘斋,合卿,和愚,胡见中,胡思生,胡星岳,胡允中,姜吕尚,蒋仁锡,季玉,李樵,李中甫,林弟,六顺堂,刘司农,秘阁珍藏,冗清楼藏,瑞之,商铭,觞云堂,盛辅功,兔床,兴城,燕喜堂,尤侃直生或直生,友沫望,尤以良,尤雨源</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">尤通</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">,袁尚卿或尚卿,周文枢,子京</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">项元汴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma"> 犀角的雕刻工具和象牙的雕刻工具大致差不多。值得一提的是犀角在盐水中煮软后可以用手扳动。有些犀角雕复杂的造型便是靠手工扳而形成的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma"> 怎样断犀角杯年代的早晚呢?笔者的经验总结是:一看刻:构思随形,刻工简布局疏朗的早</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">比如晚明</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">;构思有创意工精不简的是早清;布局繁复匠气重的是乾隆;有复杂镂雕的整支雕杯是晚清。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">这反映了工匠在不同时期的心理变化:从惜材如金实用出发发展到纯粹迎合买家求繁求奢侈的心理。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">) </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">二看脚:镂雕足,平足,足浅的相对较早</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">比如明或早清</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">,足深的较晚</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">如乾隆及以后</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">。三看色:染色成蜜色的大体上较早</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">比如明或早清</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">,淡褐或褐色的乾隆为多,而黑褐色或黑色的多半是清后期作品。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">这反映了时代审美风格的变化。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">) </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">当然,这只是总体上的一个大致概括,不是所有情况都适用的,具体杯还应具体分析。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma"> 犀角杯自明代起就有其它材料的仿品,比如木,竹,瓷,石,金属等。这些仿品如果本身能考证出确切的年代,那么对犀角杯的时代风格考证也会有帮助。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">三、犀角杯的价格</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">20</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">世纪</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">90</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">年代前,犀角杯的成交中心主要在欧美,但从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">90</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">年代开始,犀角杯开始不断出现在国内的拍卖行中,近年来价格上扬较大。据不完全资料统计,从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">90</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">年代至今,国内拍卖行共有过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">212</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">个明清民国犀角杯拍品,成交</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">121</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">个,成交率为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">57%</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">。在流拍的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">91</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">个中,有些估价过高,有些工粗或包浆难看,有些不开门或断代有疑问,有些纯粹是运气不佳。其中工粗难看或不开门的约占一半。但也有好东西流拍的,比如北京翰海</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">2002</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">12</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">9</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">日拍的一带燕喜堂款的清初犀角螭杯</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">估价</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">30-40</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">万元</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">,中国嘉德</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">1997</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">25</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">日拍的清初犀角雕庭院婴戏杯</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">估价</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">60-80</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">万元</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">等。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> <BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma"> 犀角杯的四个大类中,花卉动物的犀角杯最多,其次是仿古题材的,再其次是人物风的,最后是素身的。一般来说,犀角杯的价格取决于三个方面:一是大小造型包浆,二是题材布局雕工,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">三是款。从大小而言,长</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">16</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">厘米或以上的就是大型。造型以槎式为最贵,花卉题材的须呈现自然美,仿古题材的须规整。包浆以古朴油润为上,枯槁干躁为下。题材方面普通花卉的最好有龙,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">普通仿古的也最好有龙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">不是普通造型的例外</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">,人物风景的最好是有名的人物故事。雕工方面最好富于变化,既有深浮雕也有浅浮雕,龙的雕刻以龙形矫健生动为上也。犀角杯中带款的并不是很多,但若有带名家款</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">如鲍天成、尤通等</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma">或有史料记载的工匠款便会大大提高其身价</SPAN></P> <A href="http://www.cnssscp.com/bbs/upload/2008-7/23/20087232256343980.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.cnssscp.com/bbs/upload/2008-7/23/20087232256343980.jpg" border=0></A><BR><BR> <A href="http://www.cnssscp.com/bbs/upload/2008-7/23/20087232256538392.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.cnssscp.com/bbs/upload/2008-7/23/20087232256538392.jpg" border=0></A><BR><BR> <A href="http://www.cnssscp.com/bbs/upload/2008-7/23/20087232257383294.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.cnssscp.com/bbs/upload/2008-7/23/20087232257383294.jpg" border=0></A><BR><BR> <A href="http://www.cnssscp.com/bbs/upload/2008-7/23/20087232301256081.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.cnssscp.com/bbs/upload/2008-7/23/20087232301256081.jpg" border=0></A><BR><BR> <A href="http://www.cnssscp.com/bbs/upload/2008-7/23/20087232302067152.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.cnssscp.com/bbs/upload/2008-7/23/20087232302067152.jpg" border=0></A><BR><BR> <IMG src="http://www.cnssscp.com/bbs/images/Emotions/5.gif"> <A href="http://www.cnssscp.com/bbs/upload/2008-7/23/20087232309283696.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.cnssscp.com/bbs/upload/2008-7/23/20087232309283696.jpg" border=0></A><BR><BR> <A href="http://www.cnssscp.com/bbs/upload/2008-7/23/20087232309567261.jpg" target=_blank><IMG src="http://www.cnssscp.com/bbs/upload/2008-7/23/20087232309567261.jpg" border=0></A><BR><BR>