<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" align=left><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">由于禁猎</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">犀角变得十分珍贵</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">而见过犀角的人又很少</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">从而使造假者大行其道</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">现发一鉴别方法以飨读者</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">: <BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 犀角是最珍贵的牙角材料。自古以来犀角不仅被作为辟邪稀罕的灵物而宝之,而且被认为具有解毒解热之药用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">比如《本草</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">·</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">犀》载:入药惟犀生者为佳</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。而明代开始兴起的利用犀角底部凹腔雕成的犀角杯是牙角类古玩中的顶级精品。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">一、犀角的鉴定</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 犀角的鉴定不难,但由于犀角十分珍罕,一般人能上手的机会不多,所以不少收藏者和古玩商只好凭着猜测臆断。犀共分五类:非洲两类</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">黑犀、白犀;亚洲三类</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">撒马利亚、爪哇、印度。前三类有双角,后两类是单角。关于犀角的成分,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">20</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">世纪</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">50</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">年代有学者提出是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">固体状的凝集的头发</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。其后,这种看法被普遍接受。但最新研究表明:犀角不是凝结的头发,它没有头发的囊,它实际上是由纵向的角朊纤维所组成的固体集合体。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 以上五类犀角的共有鉴别特征是犀角表面有国外行内人士所称的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">发丝纹</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">或国内所称的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">竹丝纹</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 犀角的表面纹路和竹的纹路很象,故称为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">竹丝纹</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">;但犀角截面又有竹所没有的如同皮肤发囊般的肌理,其斜剖面摸上去有类似皮肤鸡皮疙瘩的感觉,故其纹亦可称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">发丝纹</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">。这纹路难伪造,牛角的仿品和合成的都没有这个特征。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 牛角</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">最常见的犀角仿品之一</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">和犀角的区别还体现在底截面和色泽。其有圈状的角朊层。这是牛角特点,犀角没有这样的圈状角朊层。此外,牛角和合成的往往有桔红的上色。犀角中有蜜色的,但无桔红色的。凡桔红色的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">犀角制品</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">必是伪品。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 虽然辨别犀角和牛角不难,但有些自明代以来即有的犀角高仿</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">犀角贴面的牛角制品</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">还需收藏者小心鉴别。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 搞清了犀角和其它质料的区别,接下去我们再来看非洲犀和亚洲犀的区别。以前行内有种说法:看纹路,纹细的是亚洲犀,纹粗的是非洲犀。这种说法笔者认为没有科学依据。非洲犀和亚洲犀的主要区别在:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(1)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">犀角底部的形状</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">椭圆的是亚洲犀,圆形的是非洲黑犀,近长方的是非洲白犀;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(2)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">犀角底部凹腔处旁边的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">裙边</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">裙边阔的是亚洲犀,裙边窄的是非洲犀。从犀角杯成品来看,先看杯口沿的形状,若是圆形的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">比如碗等</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">肯定是非洲黑犀,长方的多半是非洲白犀,椭圆的便可考虑亚洲犀的可能性。这是因为犀角极其珍贵,雕刻者一定是根据角的形状来考虑雕什么东西。就算是他接到一张订单定做什么式样,他一定是会去寻觅同这式样相符合的角,而不是拿一个形状不符的犀角去强加工,浪费大量材料。其次看柄。若柄顶部截面较长的而又不是后接的多半是亚洲犀,因为亚洲犀才有阔的裙边雕成阔长的柄。最后看腔。腔特深的非洲犀可能性大,因非洲犀尺寸大,底凹腔深。从年代上来看,虽然明代已有非洲犀进口,大部分明犀角制品还是亚洲犀。非洲犀制品要到乾隆时期才开始大量生产。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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